48 V batteries tend to be created using Li-ion multi-cell battery packs using 8-16 cells. From a safety perspective, but also to ensure the best efficiency and longest battery life these battery packs need to be carefully monitored and controlled. This requires accurate voltage, temperature and current as well as battery state of charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH) monitoring. In addition for most efficient battery use, good cell balancing and battery optimization is a must.